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Debt Policy and the Rate of Return Premium to Leverage. Contribution of Diversification, Promotion, & Research & Development to the Value of Multiproduct Firms: A Tobin's Q Approach. Metodologi Penelitian Bisnis: Salah Kaprah dan Pengalaman-Pengalaman, Yogyakarta: BPFE-UGM. Corporate Governance and Firm Value: The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360. Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, & Ownership Structure. The American Economic Review, 76, 659-665.

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Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers. IDX Statistics 2006 - 2011, Jakarta: Bursa Efek Indonesia. IDX Fact Book 2006 - 2011, Jakarta: Bursa Efek Indonesia. The Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from China. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 36(1), 1-24. An EBIT-Based Model of Dynamic Capital Structure. The Pricing of Seasoned Equity Offerings: Evidence from REITs. Journal of Financial Economics, 67, 217-48. Testing the Pecking Order Theory of Capital Structure. Dynamic Capital Structure Choice: Theory and Tests. The Impact of capital Structure Choice on Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from Egypt. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 14, 387-405.Д®baid, E. The Determinants of Capital Structure: Evidence from the Asia Pacific Region.

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The Effect of Capital Structure on Profitability: An Empirical Analysis of Listed Firms in Ghana. Most companies of these sectors have not reached the optimal capital structure yet because the average results from these companies are 0.31.ДЄbor, J. The results showed that the optimal capital structure of properties, real estate and construction companies which are measured by the ratio between the long-term debt and equity is 0.99. The data set covered 11 years ie (2000-2010). There are 47 samples from all property, real estate, and construction companies. These methods were chosen because the formulation of optimal capital structure is arguably complex. The method used are the nonlinear regression and Monte Carlo simulation method. In addition, this sample business sector is chosen because there are a numeours firms with an adequate long-term debt which make it possible to examine their capital structure. However, it is not explained how much capital structure needed to achieve the company maximum value. Based on trade-off theory, the optimal capital structure occurs when a company has a minimum capital cost. The motivation of this study is due to the current research results are still not able to answer whether the optimal capital structure exists. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal capital structure of property, real estate, and construction companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange.

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